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netns 可以创建一个完全隔离的新网络环境,这个环境包括一个独立的网卡空间,路由表,ARP表,ip地址表,iptables等。总之,与网络有关的组件都是独立的。: D, \! K7 \ |- c5 x
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创建网络空间: # ip netns add ns1
" L" \, m9 i3 N- l$ Q! T6 _查看网络空间: # ip netns list
/ G H- O# r7 s: ?删除网络空间: # ip netns del ns10 n* ]- l" ?6 K+ ]% |! v
进入网络空间执行命令: # ip netns exec ns1 `command`0 i5 l: Q; d3 e) [
: i7 `/ Q& v$ w! B: S实例一:
( X+ K9 n3 h( @7 Y/ S: R 用netns连接两个隔离环境中的虚拟机,如图:
0 W6 x# c/ C' ^$ O 在虚拟化中有两个虚拟机网络隔离环境需要通信。 系统: centos7.2 x64 安装程序包# yum install bridge-utils libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer net-tools -y# brctl addbr br0# brctl addbr br1# ifconfig br0 up# ifconfig br1 up0 f. I% ]8 f0 R$ A$ k0 v8 k
取消默认nat网络模式# mv /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml_bak# systemctl start libvirtd
! E# O2 H" M- X0 {创建虚拟机并连接至br0# virt-install --name vm1 --ram 512 --vcpus=1 --disk /images/linux/cirros-0.3.5-i386-disk-1.img --network bridge=br0,model=virtio --force --import --nographics --serial=pty --console=pty打开第二个终端创建第二个虚拟机并连接至br1# virt-install --name vm2 --ram 512 --vcpus=1 --disk /images/linux/cirros-0.3.5-i386-disk-2.img --network bridge=br1,model=virtio --force --import --nographics --serial=pty --console=pty# brctl showbridge name bridge id STP enabled interfacesbr0 8000.fe54007e1861 no vnet0br1 8000.fe5400be1885 no vnet1' r* A. t( s4 G4 E% P! y
到此,虚拟机已经连接上各自的桥设备了。完成如图: * O# e: N- k$ I
创建虚拟网络空间:# ip netns add ns1# ip netns listns1
; o4 R! ?7 t" ?接下来创建一张虚拟网卡,虚拟网卡分为前半段和后半段,我们将前半段添加到br0中,并将后半段添加到虚拟网络空间中,这样br0桥设备中主机就能够连接到虚拟网络空间中。 # ip link add net-in type veth peer name net-out# ifconfig net-in up# ifconfig net-out up4 {% _, z1 S' @7 j. g
将net-in虚拟网卡添加到br0中,将net-out虚拟网卡添加到ns1中 # brctl addif br0 net-in查看是否添加成功# brctl show br0bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfacesbr0 8000.46c7e9d2c0fa no net-in vnet0
* ?; A2 x, B- w; N( J( \将net-out添加到ns1中,并重命名为eth0# ip link set dev net-out name eth0 netns ns1! W& L n2 {2 l5 M
查看是否添加成功# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig -aeth0: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0lo: flags=8<LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up
4 N/ y2 f" _. @$ h* M现在vm1 --> br0 --> ns1 网络做通了,完成如下图:
! U7 N. {6 z. @( u% X5 {( U4 R同理,和上面操作一样。 # ip link add net1-in type veth peer name net1-out# ifconfig net1-in up# ifconfig net1-out up# brctl addif br1 net1-in# brctl show br1bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfacesbr1 8000.1291a963b290 no net1-in vnet1# ip link set dev net1-out name eth1 netns ns18 {; o& s6 W4 i& F
& c3 S+ }/ F/ J$ @3 L# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig -aeth0: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0eth1: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 02:d4:3c:7d:3b:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host> loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
" k+ k9 `& T ^9 [% bip地址配置如下:
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vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2
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vm2 - eth0 : 172.168.10.2/ r2 M9 R% o& h9 R# x! }* W5 r
ns1 - eth0 : 172.168.10.1 记住:当宿主机开启了网络转发功能,虚拟网络空间才会开启,在以上场景中,必须开启网络转发功能。 # sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
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vm1 - eth0 网络配置如下: # ifconfig lo up # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2/24 up# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:7E:18:61 inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:fe7e:1861/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:648 (648.0 B) TX bytes:168 (168.0 B)lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B). I# i& y2 j/ p" o2 s5 @' K5 o
ns1 - eth0 网络配置如下: # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/24 up# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0eth0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 ether a2:07:dc:ba:35:a2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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4 _( i( g9 y. |' C% rvm2 - eth0 网络配置如下: # ifconfig lo up# ifconfig eth0 172.168.10.2/24 up# ifconfig eth0eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:BE:18:85 inet addr:172.168.10.2 Bcast:172.168.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:febe:1885/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:648 (648.0 B) TX bytes:168 (168.0 B)
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! m# L0 o1 D, n5 e% A+ sns1 - eth1 网络配置如下: # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1 172.168.10.1/24 up# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1eth1: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 172.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.168.10.255 ether 02:d4:3c:7d:3b:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 00 S: `; ~) B0 ?: E
+ q( j8 g( S' g# _为虚拟机指定路由: vm1 :# ping 192.168.1.1 -c1PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.811 ms--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet lossround-trip min/avg/max = 0.811/0.811/0.811 ms# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1# u6 q S! B3 y. P* ]1 f5 v
注意:如果ping不通,请检查链路上的网卡状态是否是up状态。 vm2 :# ping 172.168.10.1 -c1PING 172.168.10.1 (172.168.10.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 172.168.10.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=2.385 ms--- 172.168.10.1 ping statistics ---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet lossround-trip min/avg/max = 2.385/2.385/2.385 ms添加默认路由# ip route add default via 172.168.10.1
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接下来,使用ping测试。 vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2 --> ns1 - eth1 : 172.168.10.1# ping 172.168.10.1 -c1PING 172.168.10.1 (172.168.10.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 172.168.10.1: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.426 ms--- 172.168.10.1 ping statistics ---1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet lossround-trip min/avg/max = 0.426/0.426/0.426 ms能够达到ns1 eth1网卡,说明ns1从eth0 - 192.168.10.1 转发到了 172.168.10.1vm1 - eth0 : 192.168.1.2 --> vm2 - eth0 : 172.168.10.2
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这样,就完成了在宿主机中,两个虚拟主机隔离模式的通信。 " M5 a9 C- Z( L8 |9 Q" C
# ~8 S; B* n6 D实例二:
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! z8 j4 @) |3 I; _: G8 y- H 说明:宿主机中两组隔离模型,其中只有一组可以访问公网
接下来,在模式一的基础上进行修改:
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. C3 P b; r, ]/ K5 n # ip netns del ns1. E2 K! I. ?: R3 o! G* v
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删除虚拟网络空间模式,所有和虚拟网络空间有关的虚拟网卡都会被删除。 现在的模式如下: 7 ]' i6 k+ w# F7 E
vm1: 192.168.1.2/24
9 v- |: a/ s; j) }vm2: 192.168.1.2/24
9 |- u/ V+ J+ Y1 n4 t& Gns1: 192.168.1.1/24. n4 u2 }* d# r* Z
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这里故意把vm1和vm2的ip设置为一样,方便我们进行测试。 添加虚拟网络空间# ip netns add ns1# ip link add net-in type veth peer name net-out# ifconfig net-in up# ifconfig net-out up+ K: D4 {3 s7 Y# E/ J
添加net-in到br0,添加net-out到虚拟网络空间ns1# brctl addif br0 net-in# ip link set dev net-out name eth0 netns ns1为ns1启动网卡并配置ip地址# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig lo up# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
% Q' H# b3 d7 H- c @1 m( H为vm1配置网关为192.168.1.1+ e% B0 W1 |7 R5 Z$ h1 c4 @2 K. l
8 {: \3 ^; c* W创建桥设备,并将物理网卡添加到桥设备中,这里建议直接修改物理网卡配置文件 cp -a ifcfg-eno16777736 ifcfg-br-out# vim ifcfg-eno16777736 TYPE=EthernetBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=noNAME=eno16777736UUID=100e462e-c0d0-4271-9b5a-1c8e47ff0d03DEVICE=eno16777736ONBOOT=yesBRIDGE=br-out# vim ifcfg-br-out TYPE=BridgeBOOTPROTO=noneDEFROUTE=yesPEERDNS=yesPEERROUTES=yesIPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=noIPV6INIT=noNAME=br-outDEVICE=br-outONBOOT=yesIPADDR=10.0.0.11NETMASK=255.255.255.0GATEWAY=10.0.0.1DNS1=10.0.0.1DNS2=114.114.114.114重启下网络# systemctl restart network物理网卡添加成功# brctl show br-outbridge name bridge id STP enabled interfacesbr-out 8000.000c2923e15d no eno16777736
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现在创建一对网卡,连接ns1和br-out $ m+ r; d% |4 q
# ip link add net1-in type veth peer name net1-out# ifconfig net1-in up# ifconfig net1-out up# ip link set dev net1-in name eth1 netns ns1# brctl addif br-out net1-out# brctl show br-outbridge name bridge id STP enabled interfacesbr-out 8000.000c2923e15d no eno16777736 net1-out; _, r3 M* g: h$ o
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我真实局域网的ip为10.0.0.0/24
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因此添加到ns1中的eth1要配置到同网段 # ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig eth1 10.0.0.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 up( P4 O( [7 q8 w- j' ^3 E& R+ m: e. `5 W
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能够到达网关了。6 l! k! V4 a( f, `' d
$ e9 V) a/ e( B+ m/ z# Z已实现如下: " q8 m; F) }5 G9 [& Y6 g7 `6 J" L. e
在ns1中添加源地址转换 # ip netns exec ns1 iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 ! -d 192.168.1.0/24 -j SNAT --to-source 10.0.0.12# ip netns exec ns1 ip route default via 10.0.0.1# E( o3 y8 F; {2 N. C
再次通过vm1 ping 公网ip 8 a9 Z! l9 @* \5 X4 V4 A
4 P, _4 g% f. ^ }3 j这样就实现了宿主机内部分网络中的主机可以访问公网,部分主机没有访问公网权限。
4 Y+ f; w' z7 S& m0 H4 O; L- j总之,网络逻辑很重要。 $ E1 s' x: _) q3 H; k% r
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